محمد روح اللهی در گفتگو با خبرنگار مهر با اشاره به تصمیم شرکت مخابرات برای فروش شماره های رند تلفن ثابت گفت: شماره های رند و مرتب تلفن ثابت به چند دسته تقسیم شده اند که براساس این دسته بندی و درجه رند بودن به فروش می رسند.

سیم کارت رند به سیم کارتی گفته می‌شود که شماره تلفن آن به طور تصادفی تولید شده و متعلق به هیچ فرد یا سازمانی نیست. این نوع سیم کارت بدون ارتباط با هویت شخصی خاصی قابل استفاده است و می‌تواند برای اهداف مختلفی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

برای خرید سیم کارت رند، می‌توانید از روش‌های مختلف استفاده کنید. یکی از این روش‌ها، مراجعه به فروشگاه‌های الکترونیکی و سایت‌‌های معتبری است که سیم کارت‌های رند را به فروش می‌رسانند. همچنین، ممکن است در برخی از فروشگاه‌های موبایل و مراکز خرید نیز بتوانید سیم کارت‌های رند را تهیه کنید.

استفاده از سیم کارت رند دارای مزایایی است. اولاً، با استفاده از آن می‌توانید در فعالیت‌هایی که نیاز به ارائه شماره تلفن دارند، حریم خصوصی خود را حفظ کنید. ثانیاً، می‌توانید با سیم کارت رند، سرویس‌های مختلف را بدون ارتباط آن با اطلاعات شخصی خود، آزمایش کنید. سوماً، استفاده از سیم کارت رند می‌تواند به شما امنیت در ارتباطات فراهم کند، زیرا می‌توانید از ردیابی و نفوذ به ارتباطات شخصی خود جلوگیری کنید و در برابر سوءاستفاده‌های احتمالی محافظت کنید.

لطفاً توجه داشته باشید که استفاده از سیم کارت رند ممکن است در برخی موارد قانونی نباشد و در کشورها و مناطق مختلف قوانین و مقررات متفاوتی در این زمینه وجود داشته باشد. در هر صورت، قبل از خرید و استفاده از سیم کارت رند، بهتر است قوانین و مقررات مربوطه را مورد بررسی قرار دهید

یکی از دلایل مهمی که افراد برای خرید سیم کارت رند را در نظر می‌گیرند، حفظ حریم خصوصی است. با استفاده از سیم کارت رند، شما می‌توانید در فعالیت‌هایی که نیاز به ارائه شماره تلفن دارند و نمی‌خواهید از شماره شخصی خود استفاده کنید، حریم خصوصی خود را حفظ کنید. برای مثال، در فروشگاه‌های آنلاین، سرویس‌های آنلاین، ثبت نام در اپلیکیشن‌ها و وب‌سایت‌ها، یا در هر موقعیتی که نیاز به ارائه شماره تلفن دارید، می‌توانید از سیم کارت رند استفاده کنید.

همچنین، سیم کارت رند برای آزمایش سرویس‌ها و وب‌سایت‌ها بدون ارتباط با اطلاعات شخصی شما بسیار مفید است. بعضی از سرویس‌ها و وب‌سایت‌ها برای ثبت نام یا استفاده از خدمات خود نیاز به شماره تلفن دارند. با استفاده از سیم کارت رند، می‌توانید این سرویس‌ها را به طور آزمایشی امتحان کنید بدون اینکه شماره شخصی خود را فاش کنید یا نگرانی درباره مزاحمت‌های بعدی داشته باشید.

استفاده از سیم کارت رند همچنین می‌تواند امنیت در ارتباطات شما را تضمین کند. با استفاده از یک سیم کارت رند، می‌توانید از ردیابی و نفوذ به ارتباطات شخصی خود جلوگیری کنید. این به شما امکان می‌دهد از ارسال پیامک‌ها، تماس‌ها و ارتباطات دیگر با حفظ امنیت خود لذت ببرید. همچنین، با استفاده از سیم کارت رند، می‌توانید در برابر سوءاستفاده‌های احتمالی نیز محافظت کنید.

لطفاً توجه داشته باشید که استفاده از سیم کارت رند ممکن است در برخی موارد قانونی نباشد، به خصوص در مواردی که قوانین محلی نیاز به ارتباط شماره تلفن با هویت فرد دارند. قبل از خرید و استفاده از سیم کارت رند، بهتر است قوانین و مقررات مربوطه را در نظر بگیرید و اتوصیه می کنم قبل از خرید و استفاده از سیم کارت رند، قوانین و مقررات مربوطه را در نظر بگیرید و به دقت بررسی کنید. همچنین، در نظر داشته باشید که در برخی کشورها و مناطق، استفاده از سیم کارت رند ممکن است غیرقانونی باشد و با مجازات های قانونی همراه باشد.

در نهایت، همیشه بهتر است از منابع معتبر و قابل اعتماد برای خرید سیم کارت رند استفاده کنید. قبل از خرید، اطمینان حاصل کنید که فروشنده یا سایتی که از آن خرید می‌کنید، قابلیت ارائه سیم کارت‌های معتبر و قانونی را دارد.

اگر شما به دنبال خرید سیم کارت رند هستید، می‌توانید به عنوان نمونه درجهت خرید آنلاین، از سایت‌های معتبر و قابل اعتمادی مانند   "luvipa.ir"استفاده کنید. قبل از خرید، اطلاعات مربوطه را به دقت مطالعه کنید و با شرایط، قیمت و خدمات ارائه شده آشنا شوید.

            خطوط رند اسمی نوع متفاوتی از خطوط رند تلفن همراه هستند که سهولت به یاد سپردن آن‌ها با هیچ شماره‌ی عددی دیگری قابل مقایسه نیست. این نوع از خطوط به جای این که از یک شماره‌ی هفت رقمی تشکیل شده باشند، از یک اسم یا کلمه و یا مجموعی از دو یا چند اسم یا کلمه تشکیل شده‌اند، مثل 0912Rayaneh یا 0912Setareh و یا 0912AliDaei  . مسلما به یاد سپردن چنین شماره‌هایی بسیار بسیار ساده‌تر از یک شماره‌ی عددی است. چه کسی شماره‌ای مثل 0912Setareh را فراموش می‌کند؟

نحوه‌ی شماره‌گیری این شماره‌ها چگونه است؟

بسیار ساده! فقط کافی است که در هنگام شماره‌گیری به جای حروف، عددها را شماره‌گیری کنید. فرض کنیم شما می‌خواهید با خط موبایل علی دایی تماس بگیرید، بعد از این که کد 0912 را شماره‌گیری کردید از روی حروف مندرج بر روی دکمه‌های موبایل یا دستگاه تلفن حرف N را پیدا می‌کنید. حرف A بر روی عدد 1 قرار دارد، بعد L را پیدا می‌کنید که آن هم روی عدد 5 است، سپس I که روی عدد 4 قرار دارد و همینطور الی آخر. یعنی شماره‌ی 0912alidaei   مساوی است با ۰۹۱۲۲۵۴۳۲۳۴ . یعنی شما در هنگام حفظ کردن این شماره فقط کافی است که کلمه‌ی alidaei را حفظ کنید که بسیار ساده است و در هنگام شماره‌گیری هم از روی حروف عددها را جایگزین می‌کنید.

این حروف بر روی تمام دستگاه‌های موبایل و همینطور بر روی تقریبا تمام دستگاه‌های تلفن که از پنجاه سال پیش به این طرف ساخته شده‌اند وجود دارد. آیا تا به حال به این فکر کرده بودید که چرا بر روی دستگاه‌های تلفن معمولی حروف انگلیسی درج شده؟ دقیقا به خاطر همین منظور بوده است. سالیان زیادی است که شماره‌های اسمی در کشورهای اروپایی و آمریکایی رواج دارند و شرکت‌ها، موسسات، فروشگاه‌ها، اشخاص و ... شماره‌های اسمی برای خود تهیه می‌کنند تا به یاد سپاری آن‌ها برای مشتریان و مخاطبانشان ساده و آسان باشد. برای مثال یک شرکت اجاره اتومبیل در آمریکا شماره‌ی تلفن دفترش CarRent است. کسی که یک بار با این شماره برخورد کند همیشه در خاطر خواهد داشت که اگر نیاز به اجاره‌ی اتومبیل داشته باشد می‌تواند با شماره‌ی CarRent تماس بگیرد، بنابراین این شخص هنگامی که احتیاج به اجاره کردن اتومبیل داشته باشد مستقیما با این شماره تماس خواهد گرفت و نیاز ندارد تا به سراغ آگهی‌های روزنامه یا آگهی‌های اینترنتی برود در نتیجه هم در وقت مشتری صرفه‌جویی خواهد شد و هم آن شرکت اجاره‌ی اتومبیل با انتخاب هوشمندانه‌ی چنین شماره تلفنی بر رقبای خود پیشی گرفته و مشتری را به سمت خود هدایت خواهد کرد.
در کشور ما به لحاظ کدبندی تلفن‌های ثابت در مناطق مختلف امکان خرید شماره‌ی ثابت به صورت حروفی تقریبا وجود ندارد اما شماره‌های موبایل این محدودیت را ندارند و شما می‌توانید هر شماره‌ی حروفی‌ای را که در نظر دارید برای خود تهیه کنید و به این ترتیب شماره‌ی خود را در ذهن همگان ماندگار کنید. فرض کنیم نام شما علیرضا باشد، چه شماره‌ای رندتر از 0912Alireza (یا در هر شهری که هستید با پیش شماره‌ی همان شهر) می‌تواند برای شما وجود داشته باشد؟ یا اگر حرفه‌ی شما مثلا به راه‌اندازی و تعمیر تاسیسات مربوط باشد چه شماره‌ای بهتر از 0912Tasisat در ذهن مشتریان شما باقی خواهد ماند؟ اگر شما شماره‌ای مثل 0912Tasisat را در روزنامه آگهی کنید هر شخصی که یک بار آگهی شما را ببیند همیشه در یاد خواهد داشت که 0912Tasisat در زمینه‌ی تاسیسات فعالیت می‌کند و بنابراین هر زمان به خدمات تاسیسات احتیاج داشته باشد مستقیما با شما تماس خواهد گرفت که این یعنی برتری در به دست آوردن مشتری در مقابل رقیبان آن هم فقط با یک راهکار ساده. یا مثلا باز فرض کنید یک شرکت فروش رایانه بخواهد تبلیغ تلویزیونی داشته باشد، اگر این شرکت در تبلیغات تلویزیونی خود شماره‌ی 0912Rayaneh را به مردم معرفی کند دیگر احتیاج نخواهد داشت که به طور مداوم هزینه‌ی گزاف تبلیغات تلویزیونی را متحمل شود زیرا با همان دفعات اولیه شماره‌ی خود را در ذهن میلیون‌ها نفر ماندگار کرده است و به این ترتیب کارکرد تبلیغاتی بسیار بسیار مناسبی را فقط با یک شماره تلفن برای خود ایجاد کرده است.

             قیمت رندترین شماره همراه اول در بازار ممکن است بسیار متغیر باشد و بستگی به عوامل مختلفی داشته باشد. این عوامل عبارتند از:

ترکیب اعداد و ارقام: شماره‌هایی که ترکیب خاصی از اعداد و ارقام دارند، معمولاً با قیمت بالاتری به فروش می‌رسند. به عنوان مثال، شماره‌هایی که تمام ارقامشان یکسان باشد (مانند 111-2222-3333) یا شماره‌هایی که دارای الگوی مخصوصی هستند (مانند 123456-7890)، می‌توانند قیمت بیشتری داشته باشند.

جذابیت و منحصربه‌فرد بودن: شماره‌هایی که از نظر ظاهری جذابیت بیشتری دارند و به دلایل خاصی مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرند، نیز ممکن است قیمت بالاتری داشته باشند. این ممکن است به دلیل داشتن اعداد با ارزش (مانند تاریخ تولد، ترکیب اعداد معروف و غیره) یا ارتباط با موضوعات خاصی باشد که جذابیت خاصی برای خریداران دارند.

تقاضا و عرضه: قیمت رندترین شماره همراه اول نیز تحت تأثیر تقاضا و عرضه قرار می‌گیرد. اگر تقاضا برای خرید شماره‌های رند بسیار بالا باشد و عرضه محدود باشد، قیمت آنها بالاتر خواهد بود. به عنوان مثال، در صورتی که یک شماره رند خاص به دلیل خبرها یا رویدادهای جاری مورد توجه قرار گرفته باشد، قیمت آن ممکن است افزایش یابد.

در نهایت، مهم است که هنگام خرید یک شماره رند، از منابع قانونی و قابل اعتماد استفاده کنید و از هرگونه تقلب یا تخلف در خرید و فروش این شماره‌ها خودداری کنید. همچنین، قبل از خرید، به دقت ارزش و قیمت شماره مورد نظر را بررسی کنید و با فروشنده به توافق رسیده و تمام جزئیات مربوط به خرید را کتباً تأیید کنید.

به طور کلی، خرید و فروش رندترین شماره همراه اول به عنوان یک بازار نیش جذاب و متنوع، موضوعی اختصاصی است که نیازمند دقت و اطلاعاتدرباره موضوع بازار شماره‌های رند همراه اول، باید توجه داشت که قوانین و مقررات ممکن است در هر کشور و منطقه متفاوت باشند. بنابراین، برای خرید یا فروش شماره‌های رند، بهتر است قوانین محلی خود را بررسی کنید و با فروشندگان معتبر و قانونی همکاری کنید.

بعضی از افراد اینگونه شماره‌ها را به عنوان شماره تلفن شخصی خود استفاده می‌کنند، در حالی که برخی دیگر آنها را به عنوان مجموعه‌ای از شماره‌های خدماتی (مانند تبلیغات یا خدمات مشتریان) استفاده می‌کنند. همچنین، برخی از شرکت‌ها و سازمان‌ها ممکن است از شماره‌های رند به عنوان شماره تماس موقت برای پروژه‌ها یا رویدادهای خاص استفاده کنند.

در مورد قیمت‌گذاری، تعیین قیمت برای شماره‌های رند بستگی به عوامل مختلفی دارد. میزان تقاضا و عرضه، شماره‌های خاص با الگو یا ترکیب اعداد خاص، جذابیت ظاهری و قانونی بودن شماره می‌تواند تأثیرگذار باشد. همچنین، شرکت‌ها و فروشندگان ممکن است بر اساس تجربه و تخصص خود در این حوزه قیمت‌گذاری را انجام دهند.

یک روش معمول برای خرید یا فروش شماره‌های رند، استفاده از بازار آنلاین یا پلتفرم‌های خرید و فروش شماره تلفن است. این پلتفرم‌ها به شما امکان می‌دهند تا با فروشندگان مختلف در ارتباط باشید و قیمت‌ها را مقایسه کنید. همچنین، قبل از خرید، بهتر است از اعتبار و قانونی بودن فروشنده اطمینان حاصل کنید و تمام جزئیات مربوط به خرید را کتباً تأیید کنید.

Do you dread all situations in which you are in contact with other people, mainly strangers? Do you always manage to decline invitations to events?

Are you continually worried about the judgment of others and afraid of being humiliated?

You may be suffering from social anxiety disorder. Let's do a check in.

What is social anxiety disorder?

Social anxiety or social phobia is a disorder corresponding to the marked and intense fear of social situations during which the person may be observed by others.

It is an excessive fear of one or more social situations residing primarily in the fear of being the object of attention of others, of being evaluated and of being misjudged.

This fear leads the person suffering from social anxiety disorder to adopt avoidance behaviors in order to avoid being exposed to these situations.

How does social anxiety manifest?

Social anxiety disorder results in different symptoms, including:

intense anxiety during one or more social situations during which the person is exposed to the attentive observation of other people,

the fear of showing visible symptoms of anxiety (fear of trembling, blushing, sweating),

the fear of being judged or humiliated by others with the impression that other people will notice and judge one's weaknesses,

the fear of embarrassing someone else with their behavior,

poor self-esteem,

a lack of self-confidence,

a distrust of others, a defensive attitude towards others,

a feeling of shame after each social situation,

avoidance behaviors in social situations and protective behaviors when the situation cannot be avoided (keeping distance, avoiding eye contact).

People with social anxiety therapy may develop perfectionistic behavior in an attempt to always provide a positive image of themselves.

After a traumatic event, it is preferable to seek care from a general practitioner trained in this type of care, or from a psychiatrist. The treatment of ptsd therapy is based on psychotherapeutic measures that can be supplemented by the prescription of medication.

What are the treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder?

The treatment of post-traumatic stress syndrome uses behavioral and cognitive therapies, EMDR, a technique of desensitization and reprogramming through eye movements developed in the 1980s in the United States, hypnosis or to sophrology. They have all shown some effectiveness in its treatment. Hypnosis can be beneficial for symptoms such as anxiety, nightmares, or pain. Some antidepressant medications also have a beneficial effect.

What medications are used for post-traumatic stress?

Certain antidepressant medications also have a beneficial action, demonstrated in clinical studies, even if the person is not depressed. Paroxetine (Déroxat, Divarius and generics) and sertraline (Zoloft and generics) are the only molecules with an official indication in the treatment of post-traumatic stress. If this fails, another antidepressant may be prescribed by the psychiatrist. If sleep problems are significant, hypnotic treatment may be offered.

Treatments can be implemented as soon as stress becomes abnormally persistent (more than a month after the traumatic event). In general, their positive effects are felt after three to four months.

Why are antidepressants prescribed?

Antidepressants are prescribed to relieve the symptoms of depression, particularly the sadness and motor slowing that characterize this illness. They are not euphoric drugs and have no effect on people who do not suffer from depressive disorders. Some of them are also used for the treatment of certain forms of anxiety or bulimia, or to correct emotional disorders in the context of other psychological illnesses. Their use is only justified if the symptoms characterizing true depression result in a disability or a risk for the person, in addition to psychotherapeutic treatment.

Their beneficial effects are only felt after several weeks of treatment (two to six weeks). For this reason, a faster-acting anxiolytic treatment is often prescribed at the start of treatment. It is gradually stopped when the effects of antidepressants begin to be felt.

How do antidepressants work?

In the brain, information travels in the form of electrical messages, called nerve impulses. Synapses constitute areas for the exchange of information, in the form of chemical messages, between neurons. These chemicals, called neurotransmitters (such as serotonin or norepinephrine) are released by sending neurons and bind to specific molecules on receiving neurons.

Antidepressants modify this chemical communication between neurons, but their precise mode of action on depression treatment is not known and we are far from having elucidated the mysteries of how the brain functions. Research on these molecules essentially results from experimental observations on animals, then on human volunteers after selection of the products that appear to be the most effective and best tolerated in animals.

Depression therefore does not come down to a “lack” of this or that neurotransmitter and it is also impossible for the doctor to determine with certainty when prescribing which antidepressant will be effective in his patient. It is common to have to try several medications on a patient before finding the right one.

After a few weeks of treatment, antidepressants generally help restore sleep, appetite, increased energy, pleasure and positive thoughts. Unlike anxiolytics or sleeping pills, the vast majority of antidepressants are not addictive and it is very important not to stop treatment without talking to your doctor, even if you feel better. Untimely stopping exposes you to a significant risk of relapse: the duration of treatment is rarely less than 4 months.

What are the different types of antidepressants?

There are now more than twenty substances available for the treatment of depression. The doctor can thus prescribe the medication best suited to his patient. Antidepressant treatment can be started within a few weeks. A minimum of one consultation per week is essential at the start of treatment.

All antidepressant medications have similar effectiveness against depression, but some seem more suitable for also relieving associated signs, such as anxiety, fatigue or excitement. The doctor can change it after a few weeks if the effectiveness obtained is not sufficient or if the side effects are too bothersome.

Psychedelic psychotherapy offered in two Montreal hospitals

Psilocybin, the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, has been authorized for several years by Health Canada to treat mental health disorders in exceptional cases. The University Mental Health Institute of Montreal and the Jewish General Hospital of Montreal now offer this treatment to some of their patients.

At the University Institute of Mental Health of Montreal (IUSMM), a very special room was recently set up. Plants, works of art, soft lighting: this is the new psilocybin therapy room at this hospital.

Psychiatrist André Do works with patients who suffer from very serious depression. In some cases, no treatment is enough to relieve their symptoms.

They failed antidepressants, psychotherapy and also neuromodulation treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroshock and ketamine, he explains. So, we find ourselves with a clientele who has essentially failed all other types of treatments. And psilocybin is quite the latest treatment.

This approach is authorized on a case-by-case basis by Health Canada for this category of patients. It consists of administering a high dose of synthetic psilocybin during a psychotherapy treatment lasting several months. The patient is accompanied by two therapists in this process.

The exciting thing about psychedelics is that it really is the first treatment in decades that has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat depression.

So far, the medical team has treated only one person, but they hope to be able to offer this treatment to around ten patients in the coming year.

Psychologist Vanessa Michaud is one of the therapists who followed this first patient.

Psilocybin allows patients a greater connection with their emotions, unlike antidepressants, which downregulate emotions, she explains.

After several preparation meetings, an entire day is devoted to taking psilocybin, because its effects last several hours.

We really try to create a bubble of protection from the outside world with the patient and to have a non-directive approach, explains the psychologist. So, we are going to invite him to focus on his experience, then to really be more introspective.

Trauma therapy can help a person process their trauma, manage the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and learn new coping mechanisms.

What Is Trauma-Focused Therapy?

Trauma-focused therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves different therapy techniques to help a person process their trauma.

What Are the 5 Principles of Trauma-Informed Care?

The 5 principles of trauma-informed care are safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment.

What Are the Goals of Trauma Therapy?

Everyone’s goals for therapy are different.

But, one of the main common goals of trauma therapy is to help individuals process their trauma and begin to heal from their traumatic experiences.

How Is Trauma Therapy Done?

In trauma therapy, the therapist may use different techniques depending on the unique needs and goals of the individual.

It starts by establishing safety and trust. Over time, the therapist and individual work together by processing or exposing traumatic experiences.

Throughout therapy, the individual may learn how to understand their trauma, build healthy coping mechanisms, and begin to heal from the past.

How Long Does Trauma Therapy Take?

The length of time trauma therapy takes can range from a few months to a few years.

It’s important to note that certain types of trauma, such as family trauma or religious trauma, often involve toxic environments that are difficult to escape. This can cause trauma therapy to take longer since harmful behaviors may persist over years.

Is Trauma Therapy Effective?

Traumatic experiences can take a toll on every aspect of a person’s life and make daily life challenging.

Trauma therapy can help people heal from traumatic experiences and improve their quality of life.

According to Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and trauma-focused CBT are evidence-based therapies that have proven effective.

Mental health is increasingly taken into consideration. The subject arose on social networks where speech was freed, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and some measures were taken by the French State to facilitate access to care. In this vein, on a global scale, studies are now interested in the use of psychotropic molecules and substances to help psychotherapy: this is what we call psychedelic therapy or psychedelic-assisted therapy, often abbreviated PAP in English. (“psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy”). What about psychedelic therapy in France? Could it be a solution to the treatment of mental illnesses?

What is psychedelic therapy?

Research into psychedelics began in the 1950s with the study of LSD. It quickly experienced a decline, only to be finally revived in our time where mental health is at the heart of all conversations, since it concerns us all, directly or indirectly. The study of hallucinogenic mushroom kits is also booming: mushrooms may be able to treat certain disorders and mental illnesses.

Concretely, psychedelic therapy consists of administering a dose of psychoactive substance to a patient to obtain long-term beneficial effects. psychedelic treatment should only be used when usual treatments are not effective. Obviously, this type of administration is controlled and supervised by the medical profession, which differentiates it from illicit consumption. Doctors will be able to completely calm the effects of psychedelics if they become too unpleasant for the patient.

What psychedelics are used?

Among the substances used and studied in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapies are psilocybin (magic mushroom molecule), LSD, MDMA, mescaline, and even ayahuasca. They would not all have the same effects on the patient, because they do not all act in the same way on the brain. They therefore make it possible to treat more or less the same diseases, but the studies look at possible side effects and specificities that could make it possible to treat disorders precisely.

How to get them?

As for psilocybin, it is possible to buy magic mushroom kits in specialized online stores, called smartshops. There are different varieties producing specific effects. For introspection, the Golden Teacher is certainly the most recommended mushroom: it allows you to acquire a certain wisdom and spirituality.

دانشمندان مؤسسه ملی سلامت روان چک (NUDZ) مطمئن هستند که ماده psilocybin موجود در قارچ‌های جنس Psilocybe که معمولاً به عنوان قارچ‌های جادویی یا توهم‌زا شناخته می‌شود، می‌تواند به درمان افسردگی کمک کند. آزتک ها به آنها نام teonanactl را دادند که به معنای "جسم خدا" است. سیلوسایبین به طور سنتی توسط سرخپوستان مکزیکی در مراسم تعطیلات و مناسک شامانی استفاده می شود. تحقیقاتی که در دهه 1960 در ایالات متحده انجام شد، از جمله، نشان داد که سیلوسایبین هوشیاری را گسترش می دهد. متعاقباً معلوم شد که توانایی های دارو با این کار به دور است.

متخصصان NUDZ برای مدت طولانی مواد روانگردان را مطالعه کرده اند. برای مثال، چک ها بودند که به اثبات این موضوع کمک کردند که کتامین، که در عمل بالینی به عنوان بیهوش کننده استفاده می شود، اثر ضد افسردگی دارد. در حال حاضر، کتامین در حال حاضر در درمان دارویی شرایط افسردگی نشان داده شده است.

دانشمندان باید اثربخشی و مدت اثر سیلوسایبین را به عنوان یک داروی ضد افسردگی ارزیابی کنند.

قرص سیلوسایبین یک داروی روانگردان سروتونرژیک است که ارتباط نزدیکی با سیستم سروتونین مغز دارد. برای تنظیم خلق و خو یا خواب بسیار مهم است. علاوه بر این، بیشتر داروهایی، از جمله داروهای کلاسیک، که امروزه برای درمان افسردگی استفاده می‌کنیم، تا حدودی بر سیستم سروتونین اثر می‌گذارند. سیلوسایبین همچنین بر روی سیستم سروتونین تأثیر می گذارد، اما متفاوت از داروهای ضد افسردگی کلاسیک. بارها ثابت شده است که این ماده حتی در افراد سالم برای مدت طولانی خلق و خو را بهبود می بخشد، وضعیت آنها را بهبود می بخشد که با احساس رضایت از زندگی همراه است.

ما یکی از اولین کسانی در جهان بودیم که مجوز انجام آزمایشات بالینی سیلوسایبین را بر روی داوطلبان سالم و بیماران مبتلا به افسردگی دریافت کردیم. در سال آینده، ما قصد داریم یک مطالعه منحصر به فرد از قبل تایید شده برای مقایسه مستقیم اثرات ضد افسردگی سیلوسایبین و کتامین انجام دهیم.

- گفت توماس پالنیچک، متخصص بخش تحقیق و توسعه موسسه ملی سلامت روان NUDZ، که قبلا توضیح داد که مطالعه جدید بخشی از مرحله دوم آزمایشات بالینی خواهد بود.

کارشناسان بر اساس آزمایش‌های انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهند که این داروی ضد افسردگی ممکن است فعالیت طولانی‌تری نسبت به کتامین داشته باشد و اثر استفاده از آن ممکن است برای مدت طولانی باقی بماند.

طبق گزارش سازمان جهانی بهداشت، سرطان ریه در ساختار بیماری‌های انکولوژیک رتبه دوم را دارد و بعد از سرطان پستان از نظر شیوع در رتبه دوم قرار دارد. در عین حال، در میان علل مرگ ناشی از تومورهای بدخیم در صدر قرار می گیرد. در سال 2020، 1.8 میلیون نفر در سراسر جهان بر اثر این بیماری جان خود را از دست دادند.

یکی از دلایل مرگ و میر بالای سرطان ریه این است که این بیماری اغلب بدون علامت است. از آنجایی که هیچ علامتی وجود ندارد، فرد به پزشک مراجعه نمی کند و بیماری اغلب در مراحل پایانی، زمانی که اثربخشی درمان کم است، کشف می شود.

اما حتی زمانی که علائم سرطان ریه آشکار می شوند، شبیه علائم بسیاری از بیماری های دیگر، از جمله سرماخوردگی هستند - چنین علائمی غیراختصاصی نامیده می شوند. بنابراین، مردم اغلب تماس با متخصص را به تاخیر می اندازند، به این امید که بیماری خود به خود ناپدید شود یا خود درمانی کنند. در این مدت، تومور به رشد خود ادامه می دهد و درمان بعدی را دشوار می کند.

سرطان ریه چیست

پزشکان سرطان را یک تومور بدخیم می نامند که از اپیتلیوم ایجاد می شود.

یک تومور بدخیم در نظر گرفته می شود که به سرعت رشد کند، بتواند به بافت های اطراف نفوذ کند و آنها را از بین ببرد، و همچنین می تواند متاستاز - تومورهای ثانویه در سایر اندام ها، دور از کانون اصلی ایجاد کند.

علائم سرطان ریه

همانطور که قبلا ذکر شد، تظاهرات سرطان ریه غیراختصاصی است - یعنی می تواند به بسیاری از بیماری های دیگر مربوط شود، نه تنها ریه ها2.

سرفه با عفونت های ویروسی سرماخوردگی، فرآیندهای التهابی در دستگاه تنفسی امکان پذیر است.

هموپتیزی - با سل و نارسایی قلبی عروقی جبران نشده؛

تنگی نفس - با بیماری مزمن انسدادی ریه، نارسایی قلبی عروقی؛

درد در قفسه سینه - با پلوریت، نورالژی بین دنده ای؛

ضعف، کاهش وزن بی دلیل - در برخی از آسیب شناسی های غده تیروئید، دستگاه گوارش، خود ایمنی و بسیاری از بیماری های دیگر.

برای تشخیص صحیح به موقع، معاینه لازم است، بنابراین نیازی به تشخیص "در اینترنت" و خوددرمانی نیست - هر گونه مشکل سلامتی مستلزم مراجعه به پزشک است!

آیا تومورهای دیگری غیر از سرطان وجود دارد؟

در مقابل تومورهای بدخیم، تومورهای خوش خیم نیز وجود دارند. آنها معمولاً توسط یک کپسول از بافت های اطراف جدا می شوند، یعنی در آنها رشد نمی کنند و بافت ها و اندام های مجاور را از بین نمی برند. چنین تومورهایی نسبتاً آهسته رشد می کنند (تا 2-3 میلی متر در سال) و متاستاز ایجاد نمی کنند.

طبق آمار، تومورهای خوش خیم می توانند تا 12 درصد از تومورهای ریه را تشکیل دهند. آنها معمولاً در افراد زیر 50 سال تشخیص داده می شوند.

چه تومورهای خوش خیمی در ریه ها یافت می شود

مانند سرطان، نئوپلاسم های خوش خیم می توانند از اپیتلیوم (پاپیلوما) یا غدد ریه ها و برونش ها (آدنوم) منشاء بگیرند. اما علاوه بر این، آنها می توانند از بافت های دیگر نیز تشکیل شوند، به عنوان مثال، غضروفی (کندروما)، عروقی (همانژیوم)، عصبی (نوروما) و غیره. علل دقیق ظهور تومورهای خوش خیم به طور کامل شناخته نشده است، اما کارشناسان معتقدند که مانند سرطان، یک نقص ژنتیکی وجود دارد.

شایع ترین تومور خوش خیم ریه هامارتروم است که در 75 درصد موارد یافت می شود. منشأ آن از بافت ژرمینال ناقص است و ممکن است شامل عضلات صاف، غضروف، غدد، استخوان و سلول های اپیتلیال در ترکیبات مختلف باشد.

علائم سرطان ریه خوش خیم: تنگی نفس، سرفه، هموپتیزی، درد قفسه سینه.

به طور معمول، یک تومور خوش خیم کوچکتر از یک تومور بدخیم است، اما هیچ کس تنها بر اساس این معیار تشخیص نمی دهد. تفاوت اصلی در ساختار سلولی خود تومور است. برای مطالعه آن، یک معاینه بافت شناسی ضروری است که در طی آن پزشک یک قطعه از تومور را زیر میکروسکوپ بررسی می کند. مواد لازم برای تحقیق، بسته به محل تومور، در حین برونکوسکوپی، با استفاده از بیوپسی با سوزن ظریف (تحت کنترل اولتراسوند، یک سوزن به داخل تومور وارد می شود و محتویات آن خارج می شود) یا با بررسی بافت برداشته شده در حین جراحی به دست می آید.

اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی (فوبی اجتماعی) یک وضعیت پاتولوژیک است که با ترس شدید مشخص می شود که با شرایط یا تهدید درگیری در موقعیت های اجتماعی رخ می دهد. شرکت در چنین موقعیت هایی باعث استرس قابل توجهی می شود و زندگی روزمره را بسیار دشوارتر می کند. ترس از بررسی واقعی یا درک شده از سوی دیگران ناشی می شود.

در تعداد قابل توجهی از موارد، فوبیای اجتماعی از دوران کودکی یا نوجوانی شروع می شود.

عواملی که احتمال ابتلا به اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی را افزایش می دهند:

محیط اجتماعی جدید یا مسئولیت های حرفه ای: نیاز به ملاقات با افراد جدید، سخنرانی در جمع و غیره؛

تجربه منفی زندگی: اگر فردی تجربه شکست (عملکرد ناموفق، ارتباط منجر به درگیری، امتناع عمومی یا تحقیر و غیره) را داشته باشد، ممکن است از هرگونه ارتباط انتظارات منفی داشته باشد.

ارث خانوادگی؛

خلق و خوی: یک فرد خجالتی و محجوب، زمانی که با موقعیت جدیدی مواجه می شود یا با افراد جدید روبرو می شود، ممکن است در معرض خطر بیشتری برای ایجاد فوبیای اجتماعی باشد.

نقایص فیزیولوژیکی (لکنت، خال مادرزادی و غیره) - ممکن است فرد از ظاهر خود خجالت بکشد یا فکر کند که قادر به برآورده کردن انتظارات دیگران نیست.

اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی به دو نوع اصلی تقسیم می شود:

اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی مرتبط با موقعیت های فعالیت عمومی. این مشکل به دلیل نیاز به صحبت در مقابل عموم (سخنرانی، سخنرانی در رویدادهای ورزشی و غیره) ایجاد می شود.

اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی مرتبط با تعامل اجتماعی: اضطراب ناشی از موقعیت هایی مانند صحبت با غریبه ها، نیاز به درخواست کمک، نشستن در کنار غریبه ها (مثلاً سر یک میز در کافه)، بازدید از توالت های عمومی و غیره است.

اعتیاد چیست؟

اعتیاد که به عنوان وابستگی نیز شناخته می شود، زمانی است که برای کسی به سختی می توان از انجام کاری که به او احساس خوبی می دهد دست بردارد. شما می توانید یک اعتیاد فیزیکی یا روانی یا هر دو داشته باشید.

وابستگی فیزیکی به این معنی است که اگر مواد یا رفتار اعتیاد آور را متوقف کنید، علائم ترک ظاهر می شود.

اعتیاد روانی زمانی اتفاق می‌افتد که فکر می‌کنید برای عملکرد به ماده یا رفتار اعتیادآور نیاز دارید. ممکن است فکر کنید در زمان های خاصی به این ماده نیاز دارید. به عنوان مثال، اجتماعی بودن در یک مهمانی یا استراحت کردن بعد از کار. یا ممکن است فکر کنید همیشه به آن نیاز دارید.

ترک اعتیاد چیست؟

ترک فرآیند قطع یا کاهش مصرف مواد اعتیاد آور است. مواد اعتیاد آور می توانند شامل برخی داروها مانند مواد افیونی یا بنزودیازپین ها یا مواد مخدر یا الکل باشند. برخی از رفتارها مانند قمار نیز اعتیادآور است.

هنگامی که بدن شما به کار بدون ماده یا رفتار عادت می کند، ممکن است علائمی داشته باشید. علائم ممکن است خفیف یا جدی باشند.

دانستن این علائم می تواند ترک سیگار را برای شما آسان تر کند. همچنین می تواند کار را برای افرادی که از شما حمایت می کنند آسان تر کند.

چگونه می توانم به کسی کمک کنم تا از طریق خروج از حساب خارج شود؟

غلبه بر اعتیاد می تواند سخت باشد. مهم است که فرآیند را در یک محیط امن و مطمئن مانند خانه، مرکز سم زدایی یا بیمارستان شروع کنید.

اگر نیاز به حمایت از فردی از طریق ترک اعتیاد دارید، قبل از شروع با یک پزشک صحبت کنید (در اینجا می توانید یک پزشک در منطقه خود را جستجو کنید)، یک متخصص بهداشتی دیگر، یا یک خدمات دارو و الکل.

مهم است که هنگام مراقبت از فردی که اعتیاد دارد از خود مراقبت کنید. این شامل خوب خوردن و خوابیدن، ورزش کردن، دیدن دوستان و استراحت است.

افسردگی نیاز به درمان دارد

افسردگی اغلب هم توسط خود بیمار و هم توسط دیگران به عنوان مظهر شخصیت بد، تنبلی و خودخواهی، هرزگی یا بدبینی طبیعی درک می شود. باید به خاطر داشت که افسردگی فقط یک خلق و خوی بد نیست (به تظاهرات بالا مراجعه کنید)، بلکه بیماری است که نیاز به مداخله متخصصان دارد و به خوبی به درمان پاسخ می دهد. هرچه زودتر تشخیص صحیح داده شود و درمان صحیح شروع شود، شانس بهبودی سریع بیشتر می شود و افسردگی دوباره عود نمی کند و شکل شدیدی به همراه میل به خودکشی پیدا نمی کند. چه چیزی معمولاً افراد را از جستجوی کمک برای افسردگی باز می دارد؟ مردم اغلب از تماس با یک متخصص برای اختلالات روانی به دلیل عواقب منفی درک شده می ترسند: محدودیت های اجتماعی احتمالی (ثبت نام، ممنوعیت رانندگی و سفر به خارج از کشور). محکومیت اگر کسی بفهمد که بیمار تحت درمان روانپزشک است. ترس از تأثیر منفی درمان دارویی افسردگی، که مبتنی بر ایده های گسترده، اما نادرست در مورد خطرات داروهای روانگردان است. اغلب افراد اطلاعات لازم را ندارند و ماهیت وضعیت خود را اشتباه درک می کنند. به نظر آنها می رسد که اگر وضعیت آنها با مشکلات زندگی قابل درک همراه باشد، پس این افسردگی نیست، بلکه یک واکنش طبیعی انسانی است که خود به خود عبور می کند. اغلب اتفاق می افتد که تظاهرات فیزیولوژیکی افسردگی به شکل گیری باورها در مورد وجود بیماری های جسمی جدی کمک می کند. این دلیلی برای تماس با پزشک عمومی است. 80 درصد از بیماران مبتلا به افسردگی در ابتدا از پزشکان عمومی کمک می گیرند و تقریباً در 5 درصد آنها تشخیص صحیح داده می شود. حتی تعداد کمتری از بیماران درمان کافی دریافت می کنند. متأسفانه، در طی یک قرار ملاقات منظم در یک کلینیک، همیشه نمی توان بین تظاهرات فیزیولوژیکی افسردگی و وجود یک بیماری جسمی واقعی که منجر به تشخیص نادرست می شود، تمایز قائل شد. برای بیماران درمان علامتی (داروهای قلب، معده، سردرد) تجویز می شود، اما بهبودی حاصل نمی شود. افکار در مورد یک بیماری جسمی جدی و ناشناخته ایجاد می شود که از طریق مکانیسم دور باطل منجر به تشدید افسردگی می شود. بیماران زمان زیادی را صرف معاینات بالینی و آزمایشگاهی می کنند و معمولاً با تظاهرات شدید و مزمن افسردگی به روانپزشک مراجعه می کنند.

II. دانش علمی در مورد افسردگی

انواع اصلی افسردگی: افسردگی اغلب در پس زمینه استرس یا موقعیت‌های آسیب‌زای شدید طولانی‌مدت رخ می‌دهد. گاهی اوقات آنها بدون دلیل ظاهری رخ می دهند. افسردگی می تواند با بیماری های جسمی (قلبی عروقی، گوارشی، غدد درون ریز و غیره) همراه باشد. در چنین مواردی، سیر و پیش آگهی بیماری زمینه ای جسمانی را به طور قابل توجهی پیچیده می کند. با این حال، با شناسایی و درمان به موقع افسردگی، بهبود سریعی در رفاه روحی و جسمی حاصل می شود. افسردگی می تواند به صورت دوره های منفرد بیماری با شدت های مختلف رخ دهد یا در یک دوره زمانی طولانی به شکل تشدید مکرر رخ دهد. در برخی از بیماران، افسردگی مزمن است، بدون اینکه به شدت قابل توجهی برسد، سال ها ادامه دارد. گاهی اوقات افسردگی عمدتاً به علائم فیزیکی بدون تظاهرات عاطفی واضح محدود می شود. با این حال، معاینات بالینی و آزمایشگاهی ممکن است هیچ تغییر ارگانیکی را نشان ندهند. در چنین مواردی مشاوره با روانپزشک ضروری است. ایده های مدرن در مورد علل افسردگی مدل زیستی-روانی-اجتماعی افسردگی علم مدرن افسردگی را یک بیماری می داند که منشأ آن را علل یا عوامل مختلفی - بیولوژیکی، روانی و اجتماعی- دخیل می دانند.

زمینه اجتماعی افسردگی

افزایش افسردگی در تمدن مدرن با سرعت بالای زندگی، افزایش سطح استرس همراه است: رقابت پذیری بالای جامعه مدرن، بی ثباتی اجتماعی - سطوح بالای مهاجرت، شرایط سخت اقتصادی، و عدم اطمینان در مورد آینده. در جامعه مدرن، تعدادی از ارزش ها پرورش می یابد که فرد را به نارضایتی دائمی از خود محکوم می کند - فرقه کمال جسمی و شخصی، فرقه قدرت، برتری نسبت به سایر افراد و رفاه شخصی. این باعث می شود افراد به شدت نگران شوند و مشکلات و شکست های خود را پنهان کنند، آنها را از حمایت عاطفی محروم کرده و آنها را محکوم به تنهایی می کند.

III. کمک به افسردگی

رویکرد مدرن برای درمان افسردگی شامل ترکیبی از روش های مختلف - درمان بیولوژیکی (دارویی و غیر دارویی) و روان درمانی است.

درمان دارویی

برای بیماران با علائم خفیف، متوسط ​​و شدید افسردگی تجویز می شود. شرط لازم برای اثربخشی درمان، همکاری با پزشک است: رعایت دقیق رژیم درمانی تجویز شده، مراجعه منظم به پزشک، گزارش دقیق و صریح در مورد وضعیت و مشکلات زندگی شما.

اختلال استرس پس از سانحه (PTSD) چیست؟

تلفات سنگین، ناامیدی ها و دیگر آزمایشات سرنوشت در زندگی بزرگسالان و کودکان اتفاق می افتد. افرادی که سطح بالایی از مقابله (تحمل استرس) دارند، می‌توانند منابع روانی را برای زنده ماندن در شرایط بدون به خطر انداختن سلامت روان خود بسیج کنند. هنگامی که مکانیسم های مقابله ای به اندازه کافی قدرتمند نیستند، اختلال جدی در عملکرد روان رخ می دهد که به عنوان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه (PTSD) تشخیص داده می شود. این بیماری با اختلالات روانی مشخص می شود که از سازگاری با زندگی عادی پس از تجربه ضربه روانی جلوگیری می کند. اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد تشخیص، علائم و روش های درمان را در مقاله بخوانید.

علل اختلال استرس پس از سانحه

PTSD بر اساس یک واکنش ذهنی غیرقابل کنترل به فشار بیش از حد عاطفی و ارادی ناشی از استرس شدید است. بیمار ممکن است خود در معرض اقدامات روانی باشد یا شاهد یا شرکت کننده در رویدادهای روانی باشد.

مهم ترین شرایطی که باعث ایجاد اختلال روانی استرس می شود:

بلایای طبیعی یا اجتماعی؛

جنگ؛

اپیدمی؛

حمله تروریستی، گروگان بودن؛

خشونت خانگی (شایع در کودکان و زنان)؛

حادثه جنایی (تجاوز جنسی، سرقت یا باطری)؛

بیماری شدید غیر قابل برگشت، ناتوانی، نقص زیبایی شناختی جبران نشده؛

مرگ ناگهانی اقوام و دوستان نزدیک.

در زنان، علل PTSD اغلب خاتمه یک بارداری مورد انتظار (سقط جنین)، ماستکتومی (برداشتن غده پستانی) است.

نوع سوماتوفرم با اضافه شدن اختلالات قلبی، گوارشی و عصبی مشخص می شود. همراه با تغییرات روانی رفتاری، درد منظم در قفسه سینه، شکم، گردن، کمر و سر ایجاد می شود. به عنوان یک قاعده، خود بیماران بر کمک پزشکی اصرار دارند، اما برای درمان تظاهرات منحصرا جسمی به یک درمانگر مراجعه می کنند.

الکلیسم، اعتیاد به مواد مخدر و سایر اختلالات روانی (هیپوکندریال، افسردگی، پارانوئید، مضطرب، فوبیک، هراس، اسکیزوئید) اغلب در پس زمینه PTSD ایجاد می شوند.

تقریباً همه بیماران مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از سانحه علائم زیر را دارند:

واکنش های مبهوت کننده - لرزیدن در پاسخ به محرک های خارجی غیر منتظره (معمولاً صدا)؛

اختلال در ریتم شبانه روزی؛

واکنش های فوبیک؛

اختلال خوردن؛

عدم تعادل؛

تحریف های شناختی؛

اختلال در مهارت های ارتباطی؛

هوشیاری بیش از حد، سوء ظن، هوشیاری مداوم.

PTSD بر عملکردهای ذهنی بالاتر - حافظه، تفکر، توجه، ادراک و انتقال اطلاعات تأثیر منفی می گذارد. به همین دلیل، عملکرد کودکان در مدرسه کاهش می یابد و بزرگسالان در حوزه حرفه ای مشکلاتی دارند.

تشخیص و درمان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه

اختلال استرس پس از سانحه توسط روانپزشک و روان درمانگر (در کودکان، توسط متخصصان اطفال) تشخیص و درمان می شود. پزشک تاریخچه پزشکی را مطالعه می کند، جزئیات آسیب روانی را روشن می کند و آزمایشاتی را برای ارزیابی وضعیت روانی (روانی) بیمار انجام می دهد. برای حذف بیماری های جسمانی که منجر به تغییرات ذهنی می شود، آزمایش خون برای هورمون ها، EEG و MRI مغز تجویز می شود.

درمان PTSD در دو جهت - تثبیت وضعیت روانی و تقویت سلامت جسمانی انجام می شود. تاکتیک های درمانی و روش های اصلاح روانی به صورت جداگانه انتخاب می شوند.

دارودرمانی

دوز و رژیم داروها بسته به علائم اصلی، عوارض در حال توسعه، میزان انگیزه و پاسخ بیمار به درمان تجویز می شود. درمان شامل قرص‌های خواب، ضد افسردگی‌های سه حلقه‌ای، آرام‌بخش‌های طبیعی - استرسوویت، یک مخلوط گیاهی آرام‌بخش، جوشانده خار مریم، قطره‌های Zelenin، آماده‌سازی سنبل الطیب (نورونورم Sw، تنتور الکل، گیاه در کیسه‌های فیلتر) است.

چه زمانی باید به پزشک مراجعه کرد

هنگام تجربه ضربه های شدید، موقعیت های استرس زا پیچیده، حوادث و بلایای بزرگ، خشونت و سایر موقعیت های عاطفی، باید با یک روان درمانگر قرار ملاقات بگذارید. JSC "Medicine" (کلینیک آکادمیک رویتبرگ) متخصصان واجد شرایط و روان درمانگران با تجربه گسترده را استخدام می کند. مرکز پزشکی چند رشته ای ما نیز از متخصصین مغز و اعصاب مجرب استفاده می کند. JSC "Medicine" (درمانگاه آکادمیک رویتبرگ) در مرکز مسکو، در 2th Tverskoy-Yamskaya خط 10، نه چندان دور از ایستگاه های مترو Chekhovskaya، Mayakovskaya، Belorusskaya، Novoslobodskaya، Tverskaya واقع شده است.

تشخیص

تشخیص اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بر اساس شکایت بیمار است. متخصص سطح شدت ضربه روانی را با استفاده از پرسشنامه های خاص و پرسیدن سؤالات خاص تعیین می کند. ICD اختلال استرس پس از سانحه را به عنوان یک موقعیت تهدید کننده تعریف می کند که باعث ناامیدی در افراد می شود. وقایع تجربه شده ذهنی باز خواهند گشت، بیمار سعی خواهد کرد وقایع جاری را با استرس و ضربه ای که در گذشته متحمل شده است مقایسه کند. این منجر به تلاش بیمار برای اجتناب از تمام موقعیت هایی می شود که به نوعی او را به یاد حوادث گذشته می اندازد. در برابر این پس زمینه، افزایش تحریک پذیری ایجاد می شود.

رفتار

درمان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه برای هر بیمار بر اساس وضعیت شخصی او تنظیم می شود. پزشک عوامل زیر را در نظر می گیرد:

هویت بیمار؛

نوع اختلال استرس پس از سانحه؛

جسمانی سازی؛

وجود اختلالات همزمان

اختلالات همزمان شامل مصرف بیش از حد مشروبات الکلی و مواد مخدر، افسردگی، هراس و اختلالات اضطرابی است.

درمان های موثر برای اختلال استرس پس از سانحه عبارتند از:

درمان شناختی رفتاری؛

هیپنوتیزم درمانی؛

روان درمانی؛

دارودرمانی.

اگر بیمار مبتلا به نوع شدید PTSD تشخیص داده شود، حساسیت زدایی برای او تجویز می شود. داروهای ضد افسردگی، آنابولیک ها و آرام بخش ها ممکن است در میان داروها تجویز شوند. در صورت لزوم، یک متخصص می تواند یک روش درمان جامع را انتخاب کند.

تعریف

اختلال استرس پس از سانحه یک اختلال روانی ناشی از قرار گرفتن در معرض یک عامل آسیب زا است: یک فاجعه اجتماعی-سیاسی، یک فاجعه طبیعی یا ساخته دست انسان، یک تصادف، خشونت فیزیکی یا جنسی.

علل سندرم پس از سانحه

علت آسیب شناسی می تواند هر تجربه قوی باشد که فراتر از تجربه معمولی است و باعث فشار بیش از حد بر کل حوزه عاطفی-ارادی فرد می شود.

پدیده «سندرم زندانیان اردوگاه کار اجباری»، «سندرم بازمانده»، «سندرم ویتنام» که قربانیان سال‌ها و دهه‌ها از خاطرات و کابوس‌های شدید رنج می‌برند، به خوبی شناخته شده است. عوامل استرس زا بسیار جدی عبارتند از آدم ربایی، خشونت خانگی (جسمی، روانی، جنسی) و حمله در خیابان.

سازگاری با زندگی عادی برای قربانیان خشونت می تواند بسیار دشوار باشد.

عوامل موثر بر شدت بیماری:

ماهیت آسیب و مدت زمان عامل تروماتیک؛

پیامدهای منفی ترومای قبلی؛

تجربه قبلی سوء استفاده فیزیکی، عاطفی یا جنسی؛

سابقه خانوادگی (بیماری روانی، اختلالات اضطرابی یا افسردگی، خودکشی، الکل، مواد مخدر یا سایر اعتیاد در بستگان نزدیک).

عدم حمایت اجتماعی پس از فاجعه؛

استرس اضافی، مانند مرگ یکی از عزیزان، درد، آسیب، از دست دادن شغل یا خانه؛

فعالیت های مرتبط با استرس مداوم یا خطر برای زندگی (پزشکان، آتش نشانان، روانشناسان بحران، و غیره)؛

بیماری های عصبی، روانی یا غدد درون ریز همزمان؛

مصرف الکل و مواد

مشخص است که استرس پس از سانحه، که یک واکنش فیزیولوژیکی به ترومای شدید است، همیشه به یک حالت پاتولوژیک تبدیل نمی شود. میزان تجربه این سندرم به ویژگی های فردی شخصیت قربانی، حساسیت و ادراک عاطفی او بستگی دارد. تکرار شرایطی که باعث آسیب روانی می شود مهم است.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a disease in which a person has uncontrollable obsessions and compulsions, which causes difficulties in school or social life. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a representative brain dysfunction, and treatment includes pharmacological treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, and non-pharmacological treatment.

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder is a disease in which a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, resulting in great pain and difficulty in social life, such as school or work. Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually affects 2-3 out of 100 people, with the male-to-female ratio being similar. It can start at any age, but it often occurs around age 10 or between late teens and early adulthood, and it tends to occur earlier in men than in women.

Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Studies have shown that obsessive compulsive disorder runs in families, and genetic factors play a role in its development. It is estimated that genetic factors have a greater influence, especially if the disease develops in childhood.

Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

1) Obsession

Obsession is when certain thoughts, images, or impulses occur repeatedly and you feel like you have no control over them. I want to stop thinking about it, but it doesn't work out the way I want and it interferes with my daily life. Most patients recognize that this idea is illogical. Typically, obsessions are accompanied by intense and uncomfortable emotions such as fear, disgust, uncertainty, doubt, or a feeling that things must be done ‘just right’.

Recently, the term ‘obsessive’ is often used when one is preoccupied with a topic, idea, or person in daily life. But being obsessive doesn't mean there's something wrong with your routine. For example, even if you are obsessively obsessed with your favorite singer's song or the latest cell phone, you can still meet friends for dinner and go to work without any problems. Also, people sometimes worry about the safety of their loved ones and worry that they have made a big mistake. This is also similar to obsession, but people without OCD think about this for a while and then go back to what they were doing and do it again. You can. In other words, most people have unwanted intrusive thoughts from time to time, but obsessive compulsive disorder is different in that these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and cause extreme anxiety to the point that they interfere with daily life.

2) Compulsive behavior

Compulsions are repeated actions to reduce or eliminate the pain and anxiety caused by obsessions, or actions (and sometimes thoughts) to avoid situations that trigger obsessions. People with OCD know that this is only a temporary solution, but they resort to compulsions because they feel they have no better way to cope. For example, if anxiety increases due to obsessions about being dirty, you may wash your hands repeatedly or use sanitizer, and avoid places or situations that make you feel even the slightest bit dirty.

However, not all insistence on or repetition of a specific behavior is a compulsive behavior. People have their own habits, such as closing the door and checking the faucet before going to bed. The same activities are repeated when learning new skills. Typically, these repetitive behaviors are positive and functional. A librarian's insistence on particular details or preference for neat organization when organizing books may reflect obsessive compulsive personality traits, but this is not necessarily a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Most OCD patients cannot help but engage in compulsive behavior, they spend a lot of time performing the compulsive behavior, and if they are unable to perform the compulsive behavior, they become very distressed and anxious. It involves repeating certain behaviors not to gain pleasure, but to prevent negative consequences or to avoid and reduce anxiety and obsessions.

[Medical Times = Reporter Inbok Lee] Research results have shown that psilocybin, a mushroom extract compound that is attracting attention as a new depression treatment strategy, shows efficacy and safety that are comparable to those of standard antidepressants.

This is the first time that the long-term treatment effect of psilocybin has been demonstrated, and it is expected to have a significant impact on future depression treatment strategies.

On the 15th local time, the Journal of Psychopharmacology published the results of a long-term follow-up study on the effects of psilocybin on severe depression (doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759).

Psilocybin Therapy is an extract of hallucinogenic mushrooms and is reported to cause perception and mood changes by suppressing the firing of serotonin-dependent neurons.

However, it is also true that it is emerging as a new depression treatment strategy as basic research shows that this perception effect can be effective in treating terminal cancer, depression, or anxiety. However, most of them were retrospective studies, and it was difficult to find any basic research that could provide evidence for them.

This is why a research team led by Professor Natalie Gukasyan of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine set out to investigate this. The purpose is to determine whether psilocybin can actually be used as a treatment strategy as well as existing antidepressants.

Accordingly, the researchers recruited 27 participants who had suffered from long-term depression, provided them with psilocybin for up to 24 months, and observed the effects.

After administering psilocybin twice at two-week intervals from 2017 to 2019, the degree of improvement in depression was determined every week. This is through the GRID-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, a standard depression assessment tool.

A grid score of 24 or more is considered severe depression, 17 to 23 points is moderate depression, 8 to 16 points is mild depression, and 7 points or less is not depression.

As a result of psilocybin administration, patients whose depression did not improve even with standard antidepressant therapy in the past and whose grid score reached an average of 22.8 points rapidly improved, dropping to 8.7 points in the first week of treatment.

In addition, after recording 8.9 points in the 4th week, the score was 7 points in the 6th month, showing virtually complete improvement in depression.

These effects lasted for a long time. This is because the grid score was maintained at 7.7 points in the survey 12 months later. In a comprehensive analysis, the response rate after 12 months was 75% and the complete remission rate was 58%.

The researchers explain that these results show that psilocybin is in no way less effective than standard antidepressant therapy in the past, and rather is a sufficient alternative that can continue treatment without side effects for a long time.

Professor Natalie said, "This study showed that psilocybin can be a very effective alternative to depression as it not only has immediate effects but also lasts for a very long time," adding, "Compared to standard antidepressants that have to be taken for a long period of time and have side effects controlled, it can be administered once or twice. “It is superior in that it can continuously relieve symptoms of depression even with treatment,” he explained.

He continued, "If we prove through future research that this effect lasts for more than 12 months, it will be a groundbreaking turning point in the treatment of depression in the future."

What is an eating disorder?

Eating disorders are also called eating disorders, eating disorders, or eating disorders. It is a disease characterized by an abnormal obsession with extreme dieting, such as an excessive fear of weight gain, a strong desire to have a thin body, and inappropriate weight control practices such as continuous starvation or taking diet pills or laxatives. It is also characterized by disorders in eating behavior that are mainly triggered by excessive dieting, such as irregular eating habits, binge eating, loss of control over food, excessive obsession with food, and refusal to eat food despite being undernourished. Eating disorders can be broadly divided into anorexia and bulimia.

Symptoms of Eating Disorders

anorexia

The official psychiatric name for anorexia is anorexia nervosa. The biggest characteristic is extreme refusal of food, resulting in a loss of more than 15% of normal weight. Women with this disease have an extreme fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, so they constantly try to lose weight even though they are underweight. In extreme cases, weight loss can reach 30-40% of normal body weight (e.g., 160 cm in height and 30 kg in weight). When this level is reached, it is very dangerous to physical health and requires hospitalization.

behavioral symptoms

- Place restrictions on eating behavior, such as strict dieting, fasting, or fasting.

- Count food into pieces or cut food into small pieces before eating.

- I often cook food for others and do not eat it myself.

- I am concerned about gaining too much weight despite my low body weight.

- Great fear of food.

- I have a fear of eating in public places.

- I am concerned about gaining too much weight while trying to lose weight.

- Wear loose-fitting clothes to hide excessive weight loss.

- Binge eating.

- Vomiting or habitually taking drugs such as laxatives, diuretics, or diet foods to control weight.

- Weigh yourself too frequently, several times a day.

- Excessive obsession with food ingredients and calories.

physical symptoms

- Weight decreased significantly over a short period of time.

- Menstruation has become irregular or stopped without any particular cause.

- The face is pale.

- I became sensitive to the cold.

- I feel dizzy and fall easily.

- A lot of hair falls out.

- have a headache.

- Feeling tired easily.

psychological symptoms

- Severe mood changes.

- Shows a perfectionistic attitude.

- There is an excessive sense of inferiority and anxiety about one's own abilities.

- Your sense of self-worth is affected by what food you eat or not eat.

- I try not to meet people often.

- Denies current underweight.

- Place excessive emphasis on weight or body shape when evaluating oneself.

Bulimia

The full psychiatric name is bulimia nervosa. The biggest characteristic is the loss of eating control, eating large amounts of food at a rapid rate and not being able to stop eating even when you are full. After binge eating, people fear the consequences of weight gain, so they vomit, take laxatives or diuretics, or repeat intense exercise and dieting. The incidence ratio between men and women suffering from binge eating is 1:15, with the overwhelming majority being women.

Albert Hoffmann, who worked at the Swiss pharmaceutical company Sandoz, was looking for a drug that promoted blood circulation. Then, in 1938, he developed a synthetic substance called Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, which did not have much of the therapeutic effect he had hoped for. However, about five years later, he accidentally discovered the extraordinary efficacy of this synthetic substance. Hoffman, who “accidentally ingested a small amount one day” of the neglected product, “realized that he had created something powerful, and he was both horrified and amazed.”

In Central America, wild Psychedelic mushrooms grow, which the Aztecs called ‘Teonanacatl.’ It means ‘Flesh of the Gods.’ They had “ceremonial use” of “this inconspicuous little brown mushroom.” The Spanish Catholics who conquered this place in the 16th century banned ‘magic mushrooms’, so it took about 400 years for them to become known to the world. “In 1955, Gordon Watson, a Manhattan banker and amateur mycologist, tasted these magic mushrooms in a village in southern Mexico.” Two years later, he published a 15-page account of his experience in the weekly magazine ‘Life’, informing the world of “mushrooms that cause strange illusions.” The substance extracted from this mushroom is called ‘Psilocybin.’

Michael Pollan (66), an American nonfiction writer and journalist, unexpectedly published a book about LSD and psilocybin. The original book was published in the United States in 2018. Pollan is considered a very well-known author in Korea through books such as “The Omnivore’s Dilemma,” “The Desiring Plant,” and “Second Nature.” He has dealt with a variety of subjects such as nature, gardens, plants, and food. However, the fact that he devoted his writerly attention to drugs that were considered ‘narcotics’ or ‘hallucinogens’ is quite unusual. In his book, he refers to LSD and psilocybin collectively as ‘psychedelics.’ I do not agree with the term ‘hallucinogen’. He explains, “The word ‘psychedelic,’ coined in 1956, is etymologically accurate,” adding, “This word, taken from Greek, means ‘Mind Manifesting.’”

As he confesses, the author is not part of the ‘psychedelic generation.’ He was born in 1955 and entered college in the 1970s, so he admits that he spent his youth “in an era when fear-mongering stories about LSD were rampant.” In his late 20s, he confessed that “the only psychedelic experience I had was two or three times using magic mushrooms,” and that “after enduring nausea for a while, I enjoyed four or five hours of hallucinations that were like a nice italicized version of a familiar reality.” . Of course, it was the ‘timid experience’ of an ordinary young man. Rather than “an experience of complete dissolution of the self,” it was “just a low-volume aesthetic experience.”

The author, who believed that “matter is the fundamental element of the world and that everything can be explained by physical laws,” confesses that it was only when he was approaching 60 that he “seriously thought about trying LSD for the first time.” Of course, there are many reasons for this. One day at a dinner party, a woman sitting at the end of the table was telling her audience about her acid trip (her hallucinatory experience) and said, “My husband and I do LSD regularly to keep her intellectually stimulated. “It helps our work quite a bit,” she said. “It turned out that she was a renowned psychologist.” Of course, what prompted the author to further open his mind to psychedelics was a paper by a research team at Johns Hopkins University. “I was completely fascinated by the paper. “Their study demonstrated that high doses of psilocybin can be safely and reliably used to produce mystical experiences.”

The book describes the history of psychedelics, various controversies, and the medical benefits that have been emerging one after another from various angles. The content and results of research conducted at not only Johns Hopkins, but also Imperial College London, UC Berkeley, and Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine are introduced. Researchers and therapists are also interviewed. However, the most interesting point is the author’s actual experience of “turning the handle and stepping inside.” Although the book appears to be an objective document about psychedelics, the author's experiences and thoughts unfold as expressions such as ‘I,’ ‘in my opinion,’ and ‘from what I have experienced’ appear frequently. He also describes the “overwhelming hallucinations” and “completely open dream-like state” he experienced.

According to the authors, “Most of the notorious hazards are exaggerated or untrue. It is virtually impossible to die from an overdose of LSD or psilocybin, and neither drug is addictive.” Rather, she “treats depression and addiction” and “offers true insight” through “expansion of consciousness.” It could also “improve healthy people” as a kind of “mental gym”. Of course, the author emphasizes that this insight or improvement does not come from the drug itself, but “comes from our mind.” “Psychedelics just opened the door.”

At the end of the book, the author says, “I sincerely hope that psychedelics will one day be more widely available and not limited to sick people.” But there is a clue. “It’s not that I just want it to be legalized,” he said, pointing out, “It’s also true that people who use psychedelics tend to do stupid and dangerous things.” This is a warning against a so-called ‘bad trip’. This is also the reason why “careful clinical screening” and “assistance from experienced guides” are mentioned. The author defines this book as “the story of the renaissance of LSD and psilocybin.”

The most commonly identified forms of migraine are migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Of these, the most common form is migraine without aura, occurring in 75% of cases.

A typical migraine attack develops in 4 stages of migraine:

the first stage is prodromal, occurs in 77% of migraine sufferers, includes a number of symptoms that occur 24-48 hours immediately before the onset of aura and headache, such as: increased yawning, irritability, stiffness in the cervical spine;

the second stage - migraine aura, occurs in 25%, includes the gradual development of completely reversible, usually within an hour, neurological symptoms (visual phenomena, sensory and motor disturbances in the limbs, and much more);

the third stage is the headache itself. Most often, this is a one-sided pain, pressing or throbbing in nature, with a tendency to intensify from ordinary physical activity, such as brisk walking, climbing stairs. Often accompanied by nausea or vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound. If the patient does not take pain medication, the headache attack lasts at least 4 hours;

fourth stage - postdromal period: after the end of the headache attack, patients may notice general weakness, and sudden movements of the head may cause temporary pain at the site of the previous pain.

Diagnostics

To make a diagnosis, as a rule, instrumental or laboratory tests are not required. The diagnosis is based on a history, neurological examination and compliance of complaints with the diagnostic criteria of the disease.

However, in case of an atypical course or the presence of so-called “red flags”, your doctor may prescribe additional examination.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, in other words obsessive-compulsive disorder, occurs after depression, prolonged drug use and specific phobias. This disease can occur at different periods of life in 2% of the population.

Experts from the University of Oxford suggested that since psilocybin and ocd has already been proven effective in treating depression and anxiety, it may also be useful in treating OCD.

In particular, it could be used to interrupt repetitive thoughts and actions in patients. In order to understand whether this is so, they conducted a meta-analysis of studies on this topic, says New Atlas.

Among a number of studies that do not meet modern scientific principles, they found several substantiated hypotheses explaining the benefits of adrenaline in the treatment of OCD. One of them, for example, concerned several interconnected regions of the brain - the so-called passive mode network of the brain (SPRM), which is activated in humans at rest. Its functioning is associated with rumination and daydreaming, and its dysfunction is associated with depression and anxiety.

Psilocybin appears to serve as a kind of reset button for the malfunctioning SRM that is seen in patients with OCD. Experiments have shown that one dose of the substance can temporarily disrupt the functioning of this neural network if it begins to malfunction.

And in a 2006 study, patients with moderate to severe OCD were given a dose of psilocybin every seven days for three weeks. All of them experienced temporary relief within 24 hours of taking the drug. Long-term effects were also noted, although to a lesser extent.

However, despite evidence of the psychedelic's effectiveness in the treatment of OCD and other disorders, the process of legalizing it as a medical drug is just beginning. Political and social norms impede research, and the inability to generate much profit from the sale of this natural substance, which is not subject to patents, deprives scientists of funding from pharmaceutical companies.

However, the decriminalization of psychedelics has already begun in some places. In November, residents of the US state of Oregon will hold the world's first referendum on the legalization of psychedelics. If the decision is positive, mushrooms that cause hallucinations can be grown in special institutions and taken in clinics under the supervision of doctors.

lung cancer final weeks

 patients are usually faced with the unpleasant perception of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. This stage of the disease may cause major physical and mental changes in patients. In the following, we will mention some common signs and symptoms in the final weeks of lung cancer.

Weakness and fatigue: Patients may feel very tired and generally weak. This is usually due to nutritional deficiencies, decreased lung function, and the disease's effect on the immune system.

Respiratory problems: Lung cancer can cause breathing problems. In the final weeks, patients may experience shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, severe coughing, bleeding from the lungs, or a feeling of suffocation.

Pain: Pain in the chest and lung area is also a common complication in the final weeks of lung cancer. This pain may be chronic and intermittent and can be controlled using painkillers and drug treatments.

Severe loss of appetite: In the final weeks, patients may almost lose interest in food and suffer from a severe loss of appetite. This usually happens because of the complications of the disease and the side effects of the treatments they may be taking.

Dehydration: Patients may face problems related to maintaining and controlling water in the body in the final weeks. Dehydration can cause swelling in the limbs, fatigue and discomfort.

Mental and emotional changes: In the final weeks, patients may experience severe mental and emotional changes. This includes depression, anxiety, stress, anger, reluctance to socialize, or mental fatigue.

Palliative care: In the final weeks, palliative care may be considered to improve the patient's quality of life. This includes providing pain relievers to reduce pain, supportive care to help with breathing, nutritional care to maintain nutritional status, and psychosocial support to help cope with mental and emotional changes.

It is important to know that each person and each disease situation is unique and symptoms and complications may be different for each person. In case of any worrisome symptoms or complications, it is important to consult your doctor so that he can give you the necessary guidance and prescribe the appropriate care.

Halodoc, Jakarta - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder of irrational thought patterns and fears (obsessions) that make the sufferer perform repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions and compulsions can interfere with activities and trigger stress.

When people with OCD try to ignore or stop their obsessions, it makes them feel distressed and anxious. Ultimately, OCD sufferers feel compelled to act compulsively to relieve stress. Despite trying to ignore the disturbing thoughts, the sufferer will do the same thing again.

Also Read: Can Past Trauma Really Cause OCD?

Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

People with OCD may not realize that their obsessions and compulsions are excessive and irrational. Although the obsession and compulsion takes a lot of time and disrupts the routine and even the social function of the sufferer.

Obsessions are repetitive, intrusive thoughts, and urges that cause distress or anxiety. This obsession interferes when the sufferer tries to think or do other things. Examples of obsessive behavior in OCD sufferers:

Fear of dirt.

Need things that are orderly and symmetrical.

Aggressive or fearful thoughts about hurting yourself or others.

Unwanted thoughts, including aggression or sexual subjects.

While compulsion is repetitive behavior that is excessive and often unrealistic. Here are some examples of compulsive behavior:

Wash or clean.

Checking.

Calculation.

Order.

Follow a strict routine.

Demand a guarantee.

ocd therapy

There is treatment or treatment to relieve OCD sufferers, namely psychological therapy and drugs. One of the psychological therapies that can be done is a type of therapy to help deal with fear and obsessive thoughts without overcoming compulsions. In addition to therapy, antidepressants can help balance chemicals in the brain.

Psychological Therapy

A suitable therapy for OCD sufferers is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP). Therapists help sufferers solve problems and deal with obsessive or compulsive behaviors. Therapy begins with mild situations before moving on to more difficult situations. People with mild OCD usually need about 10 hours of therapy combined with home exercises. In severe cases of OCD, the sufferer may need longer therapy.

Drug Consumption

It is done if psychological therapy is not successful in overcoming OCD. The drugs that are often used are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This drug helps relieve OCD symptoms by increasing levels of a chemical called serotonin in the brain. This medicine needs to be taken for 12 weeks to see the effect. Most people need treatment for at least a year until they are declared cured.

Psilocybin, a naturally occurring substance found in magic mushrooms or master mushrooms, is a chemical compound that has strong psychoactive effects. Some research has shown that taking psilocybin in some people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can significantly improve its signs and symptoms. These studies have shown that psilocybin, as a psychoactive substance, can help control OCD symptoms and in some cases can even reduce repetitive and compulsive behaviors. However, before using psilocybin or any other substance, be sure to check with your doctor to make sure it is the right and safe way to treat your OCD.

OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) is a mental disorder that is associated with irrational repetition of thoughts and worries (obsessions) and performing repetitive and compulsive actions (compulsions). This disorder can affect people's daily life and severely reduce the quality of life. Research has shown that psilocybin, a chemical compound found in chanterelle mushrooms, may be effective in improving OCD symptoms.

Psilocybin is a complex compound that, upon entering the brain, causes strong psychoactive effects with rapid action. This compound in the brain quickly goes to the precursor of serotonin (5-HT2A) and by interacting with it, it creates changes in different neural networks.

Research conducted on the effects of psilocybin and ocd shows that this compound can be effective as a psychoactive agent in improving the signs and symptoms of OCD. One study of people with OCD found that taking a single session of psilocybin under the supervision of a doctor may lead to significant improvement in OCD symptoms. Other research has also shown that psilocybin can affect brain function and alter abnormal activity patterns in neural networks associated with OCD.

Among the effects of psilocybin in improving OCD symptoms are:

1. Reducing the intensity of obsessions and compulsions: taking psilocybin may reduce the intensity and recurrence of obsessions and compulsions.

2. Increase mental flexibility: Psilocybin can help people to effectively disengage from their obsessive thoughts and encourage the mind to be more flexible in the face of these thoughts.

3. Experience more reality: with the effect of psilocybin, people may have deeper experiences of reality that can cause a change in attitude to ephedra. In addition to the positive effects, it should be noted that the use of psilocybin may also be accompanied by side effects such as anxiety, exacerbation of obsessions. , mood changes and unpleasant experiences such as hallucinations or false experiences.

Also, psilocybin consumption should be done under the supervision and guidance of professionals and in a safe and controlled environment. This compound is not legal in many countries and its use without legal authorization may cause legal problems.

Therefore, before using psilocybin or any other substance to treat OCD, be sure to consult your doctor and it is better to consider other treatment strategies such as psychotherapy or medications prescribed by the doctor. Also, things like your medical history, medications, and your physical and mental condition should also be taken into consideration in making a decision.

The important thing is that most of the positive changes that occur after well-planned psilocybin therapy by a psychotherapist occur after the session. And during the session, a person just feels all the usual attributes of a trip, such as hallucinations, changes in the nature of the flow of thoughts, changes in attitude. Again, these feelings are not the end goal of therapy, but its side effect, as if we were considering top nootropics for the long term. Therefore, taking psilocybin for the sake of glitches is like accelerating a plane so that the engine roars louder.

An important point that will be repeated several times in the text: just because something causes a boost in neuroplasticity, this does not mean that a person will have a positive effect. And this is not necessarily evidence that the therapy was successful. For neuroplasticity to have a therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction, it must help a person become more adaptive, develop skills or feelings that will help him function more effectively in life.

The material also touches on the topic of how the conditions of a psilocybin trip affect a person. How does the condition change if therapy is carried out with closed or open eyes, do phases with closed and open eyes alternate, and does music play during the procedure? Moreover, depending on what kind of music was played during the procedure, how a person will feel a few days, weeks and months after a course of psilocybin therapy depends. Which already offers effectiveness at the level of what CBT psychology offers.

The dosage, types of psilocybin and the number of psilocybin sessions are also important. Even one psilocybin trip can improve your mood in the long term. But most clinical studies use two doses, very precisely spaced apart. And all the auxiliary factors: closed/open eyes, music and the work of the sitter are extremely important.

So whether you are interested in participating in or setting up a clinical trial using psilocybin, or are interested in psilocybin for other reasons, this information is critical to understand.

Disclaimer 2: At the time of writing and publication of this material, in 2023, psilocybin is still a banned substance in most countries of the world. Unless, in the state of Oregon, psilocybin was approved for therapeutic use for certain diseases: namely, to get rid of depression and several forms of addiction. So in Oregon it is more or less decriminalized, but not legal. But in general, psilocybin and other psychedelics are still considered illegal. Possession and sale of psilocybin is punishable by law. Do not use psilocybin without government approval or in violation of the law.

The reason for writing/translating the material is that I believe that with this knowledge, you will be able to draw your own conclusions about what psilocybin mushrooms are and what role they can play in human life.

Diagnosis

Your health care provider will want to determine whether other conditions may be causing your anxiety or if you have social anxiety disorder along with another physical or mental health disorder.

Your health care provider may determine a diagnosis based on:

Physical exam to help assess whether any medical condition or medication may trigger symptoms of anxiety

Discussion of your symptoms, how often they occur and in what situations

Review of a list of situations to see if they make you anxious

Self-report questionnaires about symptoms of social anxiety

Criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association

DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety therapy disorder include:

Persistent, intense fear or anxiety about specific social situations because you believe you may be judged negatively, embarrassed or humiliated

Avoidance of anxiety-producing social situations or enduring them with intense fear or anxiety

Excessive anxiety that's out of proportion to the situation

Anxiety or distress that interferes with your daily living

Fear or anxiety that is not better explained by a medical condition, medication or substance abuse

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Treatment

Treatment depends on how much social anxiety therapy disorder affects your ability to function in daily life. The most common treatment for social anxiety disorder includes psychotherapy (also called psychological counseling or talk therapy) or medications or both.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy improves symptoms in most people with social anxiety disorder. In therapy, you learn how to recognize and change negative thoughts about yourself and develop skills to help you gain confidence in social situations.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective type of psychotherapy for anxiety, and it can be equally effective when conducted individually or in groups.

In exposure-based CBT, you gradually work up to facing the situations you fear most. This can improve your coping skills and help you develop the confidence to deal with anxiety-inducing situations. You may also participate in skills training or role-playing to practice your social skills and gain comfort and confidence relating to others. Practicing exposures to social situations is particularly helpful to challenge your worries.

First choices in medications

Though several types of medications are available, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often the first type of drug tried for persistent symptoms of social anxiety. Your health care provider may prescribe paroxetine (Paxil) or sertraline (Zoloft).

The serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine (Effexor XR) also may be an option for social anxiety disorder.

To reduce the risk of side effects, your health care provider may start you at a low dose of medication and gradually increase your prescription to a full dose. It may take several weeks to several months of treatment for your symptoms to noticeably improve.

At the first stage, the person denies what happened. On the second, he realizes what happened and experiences strong emotions (fear, horror, anger, sadness). On the third, he accepts what happened and adapts. If after the second stage a person does not move on to the third stage and gets stuck in the trauma, he develops PTSD.

In the acute period (the first month after the traumatic event), a crisis psychologist works with the client. For example, if we are talking about shock due to physical trauma, being in a military conflict zone. And the trauma therapist gets involved later.

The psychologist’s task is to help the client live through the second and third stages. To do this you need:

Inform the client. Tell him that his condition is a normal reaction to a traumatic situation. Recommend books, talk about PTSD. It is important that the client understands what is happening to him and that it can be dealt with.

Work with the individual holistically. It is important not only to remove the symptoms of PTSD and work out the cause, but also to explain to the client the importance of a healthy lifestyle. Help him maximize his personal potential.

Provide social support. Communication with a psychologist already provides a powerful base, but it is important that other people also support the client. This could be friends, family or therapy groups.

Help the client individually reassess the traumatic experience. Direct processing of trauma.

PTSD Treatment Plan

1. Establishing contact. The specialist needs to determine the client’s motivation and mood, his attitude towards therapy, himself and the psychologist himself. Set up for work: talk about PTSD, therapy, talk through the client’s fears and anxieties.

The goal of therapy is to help the client feel in control of life, accept experience, and take responsibility. At the beginning, it seems to him that the future is doomed, and the pain will never go away. The psychologist’s task is to set the client up for work. To do this, at the stage of establishing contact, you can ask questions:

What helped you cope at that moment?

What has kept you going all this time?

What you went through is terrible, but can you say that it made you stronger?

What resources did you see in yourself then, and do you see now?

What would you say to someone who has experienced something similar?

In the work, you can ask questions from three groups: establishing contact, collecting information about the injury, maintaining the client’s confidence. It is important to move at a pace that is comfortable for the client to avoid retraumatization.

2. Working with emotions. The psychologist needs to help the client release repressed feelings and emotions. And also ask the client’s loved ones to support the experience of emotions, and not try to distract him.

3. Processing traumatic memories. The psychologist’s task at this stage is to work through the trauma using psychotherapy methods.

In addition, the psychologist must remember that a person may have several traumas, and they may overlap each other. And the subjective perception of a traumatic situation is different for each client. There cannot be a universal algorithm in PTSD therapy; in this article we have analyzed the basis of the work.

Augmented therapies: psychedelic substances, scientific evidence (Henrik Jungaberle)

Augmented therapies combine therapy and the taking of psychedelic substances. In Germany, the development of this emerging technique is supported by the MIND Foundation, which participates in scientific studies, organizes an international congress and trains doctors. A request is even underway for doctors in training to be able to experiment with these psychedelic substances themselves. It must be said that the clinical results of this innovative treatment look promising, particularly for the treatment of recalcitrant depression. Explanations from Dr Jungaberle, director of the MIND Foundation.

We created this non-profit organization five years ago to support research, scientific communication and continuing education for doctors and psychotherapists. For two years, OVID Clinics has provided a clinical setting in which we can treat patients.

We are probably the first organization in the world, in the field of psychedelics, whose work is entirely based on scientific evidence. We consider psychedelic treatments to lie exactly at the intersection of medicine and psychotherapy. And we want to bring this form of therapy to the heart of international medicine.

What is augmented psychotherapy?

We have a certain conception of psychedelic therapy, and it differs from that defended, for example, by Stan Grof 1 in the 1960s and 1970s. We believe that psychedelic therapy is a very particular form of psychotherapy. But here, the medical perspective joins the psychotherapeutic perspective.

The pharmaceutical product used is special because it generates particularly profound experiences in patients, and this requires a framework. This framework, which we believe to be rigorous, beneficial to patients and also ethical, is called psychotherapy.

What does “increase” mean? This is what psychiatrists know when certain medications are potentiated, generally by another substance. For us, this means that psychotherapy and psychedelics influence each other in their effects.

This may not be easy to imagine for someone who usually only works in organic medicine, but it's actually easy to explain: The effect of psychedelics depends on environment and attitude interior of the person who absorbs them. This means that there is an increase in this direction.

Conversely, this also means that the effect of the therapy depends on the psychedelic. This, for example, enormously influences the relationship between therapist and patient. It can accelerate the establishment of the relationship or even strengthen it.

American researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine believe that psilocybin therapy reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder four times more successfully than antidepressants. Psilocybin is a psychoactive substance found in magic mushrooms that causes an altered state of consciousness.

As outlined in their paper in JAMA Psychiatry, the researchers conducted a small pilot trial of psilocybin therapy in 27 people aged 21 to 75 who had been experiencing major depressive disorder for the past two years.

Participants in the experiment were randomly divided into two groups: 15 volunteers were assigned to psilocycin therapy, and another 12 were placed in a control group, which was supposedly delayed treatment. The experiment lasted a month, during which time the participants stopped taking antidepressants.

Volunteers were given two gelatin capsules with psilocybin (20 and 30 milligrams), the break between sessions lasted two weeks. Participants in the experimental treatment also attended psychotherapy sessions.

To assess the severity of depression, scientists used the Hamilton scale, which consists of 21 points. They are completed by the clinician during an interview with the patient and allow symptoms to be identified.

The experiment showed that after a month of psilocybin therapy, 71% of volunteers experienced a reduction in symptoms by 50% or more. According to study author Allan Davis, it is four times more effective than traditional antidepressants.

The next step is to conduct a phase two trial with a large number of volunteers. Additionally, the long-term effects of psilocybin therapy need to be studied.

American researchers reported the success of the second phase of clinical trials of combined individual and group psilocybin psychotherapy for the treatment of major depression in cancer patients. A report on the work was published in the journal Cancer; a separate publication in the same publication is devoted to the study of the subjective perception of such treatment.

Depression often accompanies cancer; clinically significant manifestations are observed in one out of three to four patients. At the same time, the traditional approach to treatment, including psychotherapy and the prescription of antidepressants, is often not effective enough. Because of this, psychedelic psychotherapy, including the use of psilocybin, is of great interest, which in clinical trials has repeatedly demonstrated high effectiveness in the treatment of major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders.

The open-label (non-blinded) phase 2 clinical trial, conducted by Sunstone Therapies CEO Manish Agrawal and colleagues from several US research centers, included 30 cancer patients (average age 56 years). For two thirds of them, one to four years have passed since diagnosis; in 53.3 percent the disease was metastatic and inoperable. Among oncological diseases, breast cancer predominated (33.3 percent), as well as leukemia and lymphoma (26.7 percent). All participants suffered from major depressive disorder without moderate or severe psychotic features (HAM-D score 18 or more). They were not taking antidepressants, antipsychotics or medical cannabis at the time of recruitment.

After interview, assessment, and screening, each participant was assigned to an individual therapist and completed two orientation sessions that included information about psilocybin therapy. They then participated in weekly therapy sessions for eight weeks with 25 milligrams of synthetic psilocybin. In these sessions, the drug was administered to three to four patients at a time, who stayed in adjacent rooms of a community cancer center alone with their therapist for 4.25 hours, and then came together for 3.75 hours for group support and integration of the experience.

The dynamics of depression severity during therapy were assessed using the MADRS scale. At the eighth week, it decreased by an average of 19.1 points (p < 0.0001) compared to baseline. Sustained response to treatment was observed in 80 percent of participants; exactly half achieved complete remission of depressive symptoms in the first week, which persisted throughout the study. No serious side effects were recorded. Some patients complained of moderate and transient nausea and headache. Laboratory tests and ECG were without abnormalities. The participants did not show suicidal tendencies.

To determine the acceptability of combined individual and group psychotherapy using psilocybin for patients, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with patients in a separate study; 28 people took part in them. In general, patients rated this approach positively in terms of both effectiveness and safety. Group sessions, on the one hand, increased their sense of security and preparedness, on the other hand, generated feelings of connectedness and community that helped to enrich and deepen everyone’s personal experience.

A recent study by Israeli scientists found that the mushroom extract may demonstrate superior effectiveness compared to chemically synthesized psilocybin, especially in stimulating neuroplasticity and promoting the development of new connections between nerve cells - a very important property. This breakthrough opens up potential applications for treating depression, PTSD and schizophrenia. The study results were published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

In work led by researchers Dr. Tsuri Lifshitz and psychiatrist Prof. Bernard Lehrer from Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, with the participation of graduate student Orrom Shahar and Dr. Alexander Botvinnik, the scientists found that a mushroom extract containing psilocybin may have more potent and long-lasting effects on synaptic plasticity in the brain. compared to chemically synthesized psilocybin.

Millions of people around the world suffer from mental disorders, and many patients remain refractory to existing pharmaceutical treatments. Alarming statistics show that 40% of people suffering from depression find no relief from currently available medications, a similar trend among people with OCD.

Moreover, with approximately 0.5% of the population suffering from schizophrenia, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions tailored to those who do not benefit from existing medications.

Preliminary study results shed light on the discrepancy in effectiveness between psilocybin-containing mushroom extract and chemically synthesized psilocybin. Notably, the extract increased levels of synaptic proteins associated with neuroplasticity in key brain regions including the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum.

Metabolomic analysis also revealed notable differences between the mushroom extract containing psilocybin and ocd chemically synthesized psilocybin. The extract demonstrated a distinct metabolic profile related to oxidative stress and energy production pathways.

These findings open up new possibilities for the therapeutic use of natural psychedelic compounds, offering hope to those who have found little relief in traditional psychiatric treatments. As demand for innovative solutions continues to grow, psychedelic drug research represents a critical avenue for the development of novel and personalized medicines.

Additionally, Western medicine has historically favored the isolation of active compounds rather than the use of extracts, primarily to achieve better control over dosages and the onset of known effects during treatment. The challenge with extracts has been that in the past it has not been possible to consistently produce an accurate product with a consistent composition. In contrast, ancient medical practices, especially those that attributed therapeutic benefits to psychedelic medicine, included the use of extracts or whole foods, such as consuming the entire mushroom.

The main problem with natural extracts is achieving a stable composition, especially in plants, but mushrooms are unique in this regard. The composition of fungi is influenced by their growth environment, including factors such as substrate composition, CO2/O2 ratio, light exposure, temperature and microbiological environment. Despite these factors, controlled cultivation makes it possible to “tame” the mushrooms and obtain a reproducible extract.

Do you suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

What is an obsession?

Do you suffer from unsolicited, distasteful, inappropriate or confusing intrusive thoughts or images?

For example:

Feeling dirty or thinking you are contaminated with germs.

Must at all costs place or reposition objects precisely.

Being afraid that a disaster will occur as a result of an action you have taken (or not).

Having the same doubts over and over again. (e.g. believing that you injured someone in an accident, that you left the stove on, that you did not lock the door, doubts about your relationships and/or sexual orientation).

You have aggressive, sexual, or horrible impulses. (e.g. fear of hurting a child, screaming obscene things, incestuous thoughts).

What is a compulsion?

Compulsions are behaviors or mental gestures that you feel you need to repeat over and over again. For example :

Excessive hand washing, checking, touching and repositioning objects.

Praying, counting or repeating words constantly.

Compulsions aim to neutralize the distress born from an obsession, to protect you against a negative situation or against a feared outcome. Unfortunately, the compulsions end up causing distress in themselves.

Why is it important to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

When left untreated, obsessive-compulsive disorder gets worse over time and can go from very stressful to downright paralyzing. Luckily you don’t have to suffer alone – there is treatment. No matter how bothered and embarrassed you are by your OCD, your therapist will be able to help you. Ocd Therapy can be effective in freeing you from these confusing thoughts and actions so you can finally invest this time in enjoying your life.

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

The symptoms of advanced lung cancer are:

a cough that does not go away and tends to get worse, or even produces bloody sputum;

chest pain that increases during coughing;

wheezing and shortness of breath on exertion;

hoarseness of the voice that does not disappear after a few weeks;

recurrent respiratory infections.

In the most advanced cases, we observe fatigue, nausea, weight loss, bone pain or vision problems.

How does lung cancer progress?

Today, in France, five-year survival after a diagnosis of lung cancer is 14% (13% in men, 18% in women), making it one of the most difficult cancers to treat. .

In the absence of treatment, cancer cells will migrate into the bloodstream to settle and multiply in the liver, bones, brain, etc. These secondary tumors are called “metastases”.

Certain elements can guide the prognosis:

the appearance of the tumor: a large tumor will be more difficult to treat;

invasion of the lung by cancer cells signals greater severity;

the microscopic particularities of the tumor and the speed of proliferation of cancer cells (their “mitotic index”) also influence the prognosis;

as with all cancers, the presence of metastases in other organs is a sign of greater seriousness.

Stages of progression (lung cancer final weeks)

Depending on the results of additional examinations, the doctor can determine the stage of progression of lung cancer (which determines its prognosis and treatment).

For non-small cell lung cancers, it uses a so-called “TNM” classification which takes into account aspects of the lung tumor, the possible presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes, and the possible existence of metastases. Depending on the result of this classification, non-small cell lung cancers are said to be “progressive stage 0, Ia (1, 2 or 3), Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa or IVb”, of increasing severity.

Small cell lung cancers are classified into “localized” and “disseminated.”

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

The feeling of anxiety that people experience from time to time is a completely normal feeling. Especially when life is full of stress.

However, excessive, persistent worry and worry that is difficult to control and interferes with daily activities may be a sign of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Generalized anxiety disorder can develop in both childhood and adulthood. Generalized anxiety disorder has symptoms similar to panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other types of anxiety, but they are different illnesses.

Living with generalized anxiety disorder can be an ordeal. In many cases, GAD occurs along with other anxiety or mood disorders. In most cases, patients with GAD improve with psychotherapy or medication. Lifestyle changes, learning coping skills and using relaxation techniques may also help.

Symptoms

Symptoms of gad treatment can vary widely.

Emotional symptoms:

Constant worry or worry about regular, expected, or everyday events. The level of anxiety is disproportionate to the objective consequences of these events.

Overthinking plans and decisions with all possible worst-case scenarios in mind.

Perceiving situations as threatening even when they are not.

Difficulties in coping with uncertainty.

Indecision and fear of making the wrong decision.

Inability to manage anxiety.

Inability to relax, increased excitability or tension.

Difficulty concentrating or feeling like your mind is going blank.

Physical signs and symptoms:

fatigue;

sleep problems;

muscle tension or muscle pain;

trembling, convulsions;

nervousness or fearfulness;

sweating;

nausea, diarrhea, or irritable bowel syndrome;

irritability.

There are times when worry doesn't completely consume you, but you still feel anxious for no apparent reason. For example, you may feel very worried about your safety or the safety of your loved ones, or you may have a general feeling that something bad is about to happen.

The symptoms described above cause you significant discomfort socially, at work, or in other areas of your life.

Life's problems or situations may change, but worry and anxiety will move from one problem to another.

Eating disorders are psychiatric illnesses that damage a person's physical and mental health and reduce their overall quality of life - relationships, work and personal development are affected.

In eating disorders, the connection with one's own body is disrupted, which leads to extremely problematic eating behavior. Overemphasis is placed on weight and body shape, underweight is idealized, and various methods are used to lose weight or prevent weight gain.

During their lifetime, approximately 8% of women and 2% of men will develop an eating disorder. Eating disorders occur in any population, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. However, they most often occur in girls and young women.

The term "eating disorder" is often mistakenly used as a synonym for selective eating disorder, since both involve disordered eating. However, their causes are different: an eating disorder is caused by a desire to control weight, while in a selective eating disorder, eating certain foods causes anxiety or fear.

Other eating disorders

Anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder are three of the most common and well-known eating disorders. However, often not all of the symptoms of a person with an eating disorder correspond to one specific disorder. In such cases, these disorders are called “atypical” or “other eating disorders.” There is a common myth that in such cases the course of the disease is milder and treatment is taken more lightly. However, this is erroneous, since the name of the disease indicates only its diagnostic criteria, and not its severity or course.

Causes of eating disorders

There is never one single reason for the development of eating disorders. These are complex diseases in the development of which a combination of many factors plays an important role. Genetic, biological and environmental factors always play a role. Modern social attitudes, including diet culture and the cult of thinness, contribute to the development of psychological vulnerability, which can become a fertile environment for the development of eating disorders. It is likely for the same reasons that higher rates of eating disorders are observed in sports in which weight is a major concern and in appearance-oriented professions. However, it should be emphasized that viewing social networks or playing certain sports does not contribute to the development of the disease. There are many factors involved in the development of the disease that are usually beyond a person's control. However, it is often more practical and even more important to identify disease-sustaining factors, since changing them is associated with better treatment outcomes.

What is RPP

An eating disorder is a mental disorder that causes a person to have problems eating. For example, he may eat a lot and find it difficult to stop, or, conversely, he doesn’t feel like eating for a long time.

There is an opinion that eating disorders are a problem of teenage girls, but various types of eating disorders are found in people of all genders and ages.

RPP is more often diagnosed in women, but this does not mean that women are more susceptible to this condition than men. It’s just that women turn to specialists for help more often than men, which is why they are included in statistics more often.

In addition, eating disorder can develop in children and the elderly.

Symptoms of an Eating Disorder

An eating disorder is a list of conditions, and symptoms vary depending on the specific type of eating disorder.

Common signs include the following:

feeling guilty for eating something “extra”;

excessive concern about your weight: you are constantly trying to radically change it - go on strict diets, start playing sports intensively (for example, you have never been jogging and suddenly decide to run every day), buy dietary supplements or medications (diuretics, laxatives) to “bring weight” weight back to normal”;

frequent overeating - a state when satiety has already occurred, but it is difficult to stop;

the desire to eat something under stress or, conversely, to refuse food.

People with an eating disorder may hide food or eat in secret, and may avoid going out with friends because they are afraid of being in a relaxed group with lots of food.

Causes of eating disorders

The reasons may be the following:

Psychological. Low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior and problematic relationships can contribute to the development of an eating disorder.

Biological. An eating disorder treatment can be caused, for example, by a decrease in the level of serotonin, a hormone that is involved in the regulation of mood and appetite.

The influence of media and social networks. The image of the ideal body that we see in the media and social networks reduces satisfaction with our own body. In one study, researchers surveyed teenage girls who read fashion magazines. 47% of respondents answered that photographs from magazines make them want to lose weight.

Genetic. A person's chance of developing an eating disorder is higher if one of his family members has such a disorder. But still the main reason is mental problems.